21 May 2006

Analysis Point: Cassava

» ANALYSIS POINT:

A Point of Analysis is created once in a while to present problems we are facing in our techniques and processes. They are issued to University of Windsor EWB members, but anyone who reads these blogs are welcome to join and comment in the discussion. These situations are real. Comments and suggestions posted will be taken into consideration into the actual operating procedure of the projects I am involved in. This is an amazing way to have impact overseas from Canada! They will be posted whenever a problem arises that requires research beyond what I am capable of producing in the field. Please be creative, be thorough, and thoughtful in your replies.

Point of Analysis: Cassava Processing Equipment Deterioration

When pressed, cassava releases water that is highly corrosive and eats away at the concrete floor of the building. This creates an uneven floor below the press, which results in the press itself being subjected to uneven pressures and forces, bending the threads for the tightening rods, and eventually rendering the entire press useless. As you can see, this is a very costly issue.

At this Analysis Point, look up the naturally occuring components in cassava and determine which ingredients could be causing the destruction of the concrete. Also, are there any materials that are resistant to this material? Your responses can be posted below in the comments section below this post, or by clicking here.

The bent rod creates uneven pressures in the threads of the press. This results in the tightening rods loosing grip, rendering the press useless.

Things to note: » press in not on level surface » press is exposed to elements (not housed in facility)







This cassava press is operated outside, and has bent compression rods and threading.









8 Comments:

Anonymous Anonymous said...

Kyle,

This one appears to be right up my alley. Finally I can put my Chemistry to good use. What I've written below is what I think is the cause and potential solution ideas.

Alright, so here's what I've found out so far. The cassava plant has compounds called cyanogenic glucosides. There are two of them: linamarin and lotaustralin. These are functionalized sugars. They are converted to HCN and other byproducts in the presence of the enzyme linamarase. Linamarase is naturally occurring in cassava.
HCN is also known as hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid. My best guess is that hydrocyanic acid is one of the causes of the problem.

How is it a problem? Well as the name suggest it is an acid. Although on the scale of acids it is pretty weak. It only has an acid ionization constant of 4.0 x 10^-10. Compare that to acetic acid which is 1.75 x 10^-5. So it's less acidic than vinegar, but still acidic nonetheless.

Concrete can be degraded and eroded in the presence of acid. This is not surprising since it is the hydration of the minerals in the cement that holds it together. This is where my uncertainty lies. Because HCN is a weak acid I'm not totally sure if it is strong enough to cause degradation of concrete to the extent that you are seeing. However, even though a weak acid if the concentration of the linamarin and lotaustralin in the cassava plant is very high, the larger amount of acid that will be in solution. So if the water is very concentrated with HCN then concrete degradation is much more rapid.

As for the foul smell. It is likely caused by the presence of the cyanide ion which forms in the water because of the ionization equilibrium reaction:
HCN + H20 <---> (H3O+) + (CN-)

note: those are superscripted (+) and (-) signs is the products I just can't superscript on this blog site. The products are aqueous ions.

Another potential contributor of the degradation is the presence of phosphorous and calcium in the cassava plant. As we all know, calcium used in our road salts cause degradation of concrete and asphalt. One of the nastier parts of our winter. Phosphorous, I don't know what form it is in, so I can't determine whether or not that is a contributor. But definitely calcium must be playing a role.

OK, so let's review, we now have the source of the erosion: HCN and calcium, and the source of the foul smell: cyanide ion.

How do we fix this problem? Well, clearly if there is someway to avoid contact between the water excreted by the cassava plant and the concrete then that would stop the degradation of concrete since both the HCN and calcium are transported through the water.

Examples of this include burying the concrete supports underground so that the water falls on the dirt. If that is not possible, which from the images that you have posted, would seem to the be the case, then the machine would have to be made from a material that is not readily degraded under acidic conditions. I don't know what kind of materials are available to you where you are. If I did know, then I would probably have a better guess at what you could use.

Another idea is to collect the runoff water before it reaches the concrete. Again, I don't know if this is possible by design.

Again, another idea could be to coat the concrete with a non-toxic, safe substance that is resistant to acidic breakdown. Once again, I don't know what you have available to you.

So I hope you have enjoyed the chemistry lesson. Let me know what you think.

21 May, 2006  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Wow, Paolo, that more or less covers it....all of it! Not much more one can say beyond what you've said.

But here's my small contribution...

One possible solution I thought of was already mentioned by Paolo, coating the concrete in a corrosion resistant "glaze", for lack of a better term. Such things do exist. We use them at work, to coat the foundation under our acid scrubbers. I'm working on finding out just what exactly this chemical is called, and a few more details about it.

Great job Paolo.

And Kyle, your blog continues to be amazing!! I love reading about your experiences, keep it up!

23 May, 2006  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Sheesh Paolo!!! Where were you when I took chemistry? Great job!

Kyle, I am just catching up on your blogs (since I was away in T-dot), and, since Paolo is a machine, I have nothing really to contribute to this analysis point.

I am fascinated, however, by all that you are doing in Ghana. I am also thrilled that you have been able to post so many of your experiences, ideas, and insights.

Keep it up...we love hearing from you!

P.S. Check your email...I'll be updating you on boring ol' Windsor stuff ;)

25 May, 2006  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

There are over here in North America many heavy duty concrete options for these sorts of issues. One that comes to mind, as being used in the farming field is given below. Obviously this stuff would be costly, and not liekly to be an feasible option to import. However a chemistry wizard might be able to look at the compound and it's reason for resistance, and develop an on site concrete additive for future sites.

http://www.chemprufconcrete.com/

Given the nature of the issue, I would suggest a run off tray, simply a sloping metal tray under the process to run the liquid away from the concrete pad. As a modular unit the trays could be added to exsisting operations easily, and without much processing time loss, as well as implimented on new units before their inagural use.

Best of Luck

26 May, 2006  
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